窓際さんのお勉強な日々

こそっと論文読んで、こそっとメモ

抗うつ薬の至適用量は?

<はじめに>

 

 ずいぶん更新さぼってましたが、いい加減記事を投稿していきます(;^ω^)

 

<お題論文>

 

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178367

 PMID: 31178367

 

 補足資料

 https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30217-2/attachment/23959cce-d88e-4d27-9b8d-fc1820147377/mmc1.pdf

 

 今回の研究のもとになったデータセットは以下の論文より使用

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29477251

 PMID: 29477251 

 

 内容は過去記事で取り上げています。

zuratomo4.hatenablog.com

 

<読んでみた>

 

P:その研究が行われた当時使われていた診断基準 (Feighner criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria, DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IVDSM-5, and ICD-10)でうつ病と診断された急性期の18歳以上の成人患者

双極性障害、精神病性うつ、治療抵抗性うつ病患者が20%以上含まれる試験は除外)

I/C:SSRI5種(citalopram、エスシタロプラム、fluoxetine、パロキセチンセルトラリン)、ベンラファキシン、ミルタザピン

 →英国での使用量になっているので、ベンラファキシンが速放錠のものになっている。なお、速放錠375mg=徐放カプセル225mg(承認審査資料78ページより)

http://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2015/P20151002001/671450000_22700AMX01007_A100_1.pdf

 

O:(有効性)各種スコアリングの50%低下と定義した8週での反応率、(忍容性)8週での全理由による治療中止、(受容性)あらゆる理由による脱落

8週のデータがないときは4~12週のうち長いものを採用

 

赤字は以前の論文より引用

 

 基本は以前のシステマティックレビューのデータセットを使っているので、以下の評価項目は以前の記事と同じです。(だいたいコピペしてます)

 

・使用したデータベース

 Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Embase, LILACS database, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, PsycINFO, AMED, the UK National Research Register,  PSYNDEX

検索期間は2016年1月8日まで

 

バイアスへの配慮

・元論文バイアス

 「double-blind, randomised controlled trials」を採用。

研究の登録情報(CRD42012002291)をみると中国のRCTは除外されているようです。

http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42012002291

個々の研究はコクランのrisk of bias toolを使っており結果はSupplementary appendixの19~21ページに記載されています。

https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30217-2/attachment/23959cce-d88e-4d27-9b8d-fc1820147377/mmc1.pdf

 

 

・評価者バイアス

二者独立のみ記載されている。

基となった論文では「6組のペアが独立して抽出・評価を行い、意見の不一致の際はリーダーが第三者として調停に入った」とあるので、実際は行われているはず

 

・出版バイアス

言語制限はなし

参考文献の検索の他、著者、専門家、メーカーに未公表データがないか問い合わせている

ファンネルプロットでの検討は行っていないよう。

 

・COI、スポンサー

 

 ともに公開されている

 

<結果>

 

Table1よりfluoxetine換算値(mg)は

 

Table2のSSRI(mg) 10 20 30 40 60 80 国内承認用量
うつ病
fluoxetine 10 20 30 40 60 80  
citalopram 10 20 30 40 60 80  
エスシタロプラム 4.5 9 13.5 18 27 36 10~20
パロキセチン 8.5 17 25.5 34 51 68 10~40
セルトラリン 24.65 49.3 73.95 98.6 147.9 197.2 25~100
ベンラファキシン(速放錠) 37.35 74.7 112.05 149.4 224.1 298.8 37.5~225(徐放カプセル)
ミルタザピン 12.75 25.5 38.25 51 76.5 102 15~45

 

Table2より(RRを抽出)

  mg 有効性 忍容性 受容性
SSRI 10 1.12(1.09~1.15) 1.18(1.09~1.28) 0.93(0.89~0.97)
  20 1.24(1.18~1.30) 1.40(1.20~1.62) 0.88(0.81~0.95)
  30 1.29(1.21~1.36) 1.65(1.39~1.96) 0.87(0.79~0.96)
  40 1.27(1.19~1.36) 1.94(1.63~2.31) 0.91(0.82~1.02)
  60 1.18(1.06~1.32) 2.69(2.06~3.52) 1.04(0.90~1.21)
  80 1.09(0.91~1.30) 3.73(2.42~5.76) 1.20(0.97~1.49)
ベンラファキシン 37.5 1.15(1.06~1.25) 1.53(1.25~1.87) 0.90(0.71~1.17)
  75 1.31(1.12~1.52) 2.24(1.53~3.29) 0.85(0.54~1.33)
  150 1.47(1.24~1.75) 3.08(1.95~4.85) 0.92(0.64~1.32)
  225 1.53(1.31~1.78) 3.21(2.09~4.92) 1.14(0.87~1.48)
  300 1.58(1.30~1.95) 3.31(2.02~5.44) 1.42(0.75~2.67)
  375 1.64(1.25~2.14) 3.42(1.81~6.45) 1.77(0.60~5.19)
ミルタザピン 7.5 1.08(1.01~1.16) 1.23(1.05~1.46) 0.99(0.88~1.11)
  15 1.17(1.02~1.34) 1.52(1.09~2.13) 0.98(0.78~1.23)
  30 1.28(1.03~1.58) 2.17(1.26~3.73) 0.99(0.67~1.46)
  45 1.16(0.95~1.42) 2.54(1.54~4.21) 1.07(0.69~1.64)
  60 0.95(0.65~1.38) 2.66(1.44~4.92) 1.20(0.71~2.05)

 

ベンラファキシンだけ振れ幅が承認用量内なのか、効果も右肩上がりのままという(;^ω^)

有害事象による脱落はしっかり右肩上がり、効果はピークがあってその後落ちていくという結果。

あらゆる理由による脱落は有害事象の他、効果がなくても落ちていくので、各用量で差は見られなかった。

 

<感想>

 

 個人的にはミルタザピンの効果のピークが30mgだったのが、国内第3相臨床試験と一致していて興味深かった。

http://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2009/P200900035/17005000_22100AMX01823_A100_1.pdf

f:id:zuratomo4:20190623231224p:plain

 

<最後に>

 

 更新さぼっていてすみませんでした。

少しずつ投稿していこうかと思っています。

左室駆出率が保たれた心不全(Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction:HFpEF)の薬物治療には何が良いですか?→良い選択肢はないがスピロノラクトンとエプレレノンがマシ

<はじめに>

 

 4/21、21時開催JJCLIP #67「駆出率が保持された心不全にはどんな薬がよいのでしょうか?」を予習した際に、シナリオの患者さんの質問がアバウトなので、アバウトな質問に答えるのはこの論文(Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction PMID: 24716680)じゃなくね?と思って調べてみました。

(全文無料でよいものとなるとお題論文が一番良い選択ではあると思うのだが)

 4/21といえば明日!新年度一発目は初心者様歓迎企画!皆様でぜひご視聴ください!

 https://aheadmap.or.jp/jjclip-67

 

 そもそもHFpEFに有効性を示した介入はないのですが、なぜかネットワークメタ解析があったので読んでみました。

 

<お題論文など>

 

Pharmacological treatments for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction-a systematic review and indirect comparison.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29411216

PMID: 29411216

 

事前登録情報

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=78668

PROSPERO:CRD42017078668

 

急性・慢性心不全診療ガイドライン(2017年改訂版)

http://www.asas.or.jp/jhfs/pdf/topics20180323.pdf#search='HF%EF%BD%90EF'

 

心不全の最新知見

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/naika/106/3/106_510/_pdf

 

高齢者の循環器診療 update 高齢者心不全―左室駆出率の保たれた心不全を中心に―

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geriatrics/55/1/55_55.34/_pdf/-char/ja

 

居酒屋抄読会in中州で読んだ論文がHFrEFに対するangiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696でしたが、HFpEFにも期待されているようなのでよかったらご視聴くださいhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176015(PMID: 25176015)

 

https://twitcasting.tv/zuratomo4/movie/505784566

https://twitcasting.tv/zuratomo4/movie/505790858

 

<読んでみた>

 

P:HFpEF(ESC2016ガイドライン準拠)→LVEF≧50%、18歳以上

 

I/C:MRA、β遮断薬、ACEI/ARB→エプレレノン、エナラプリル、カルベジロール、ペリンドプリル、シルデナフィル、sitaxentan、スピロノラクトン、ベラパミル

 

O:死亡率、入院、indexes of cardiac structure and function、バイオマーカー、QOL、6MWD

 

データベース:MEDLINE、EMBASE、CENTRAL、clinicaltrials.gov

検索語:MRA、β遮断薬、ACEI/ARB、利尿剤、HFpEF

検索期間:~2017.8

元論文:RCT コクランツールで評価→15研究中10研究が高質

評価者:2者独立→合議もしくは第三者介入

出版:言語制限なし、ref・専門家連絡→?、funnnel→やっているが、研究数少なくやらなくてもよいのでは?と思った

異質性:事前登録あり、P,O→大丈夫

ネットワーク図:ないが「no close loop」という記載あり

資金源・COI:COIは開示されているが資金源は?

 

結果:

Table1→Hung2002のみblindがhigh risk

Table2→Lui2006のみ参加者年齢不明、Pitt2014(TOPCAT)が参加人数の大半を占めている

Table3→死亡(対スピロノラクトンシルデナフィル 0.14(0.01~2.78)、スピロノラクトンvsペリンドプリル 0.87(0.59~1.28)、エプレレノン 0.91(0.25~3.33)

Table4→入院(対エナラプリル)sitaxsentan 0.27(0.02~3.93)、スピロノラクトン0.52(0.05~5.62)、シルデナフィル 0.48(0.04~5.74)、ペリンドプリル0.57(0.05~6.34)、エナラプリル0.57(0.04~7.55)、カルベジロール0.90(0.03~25.34)

 

<まとめ>

 

 有意差をもってプラセボに比べ設定されたアウトカムを改善した介入はなく、介入個々を比べても有意差をもって設定されたアウトカムを改善したものは見当たらなかった。

 ただ、一貫してよい傾向を示したのが、死亡ではスピロノラクトン、入院ではエプレレノンだった。

 

 

早漏の薬物治療は何が良いですか?→Dapoxetine(海外で承認されている早漏治療薬)が一番よさそう

<はじめに>

 

 去る4/6にツイキャスで配信した気まぐれ抄読会の記事です。

もともとはベンラファキシンンのメーカー説明会前に検索・発見した論文になります。

SSRIが射精までの時間を延長することは知っていたが、まさか早漏の薬物治療のネットワークメタ解析が

 

<お題論文など>

 

Pharmacological interventions for premature ejaculation: a mixed-treatment comparison network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29921893

PMID: 29921893

 

ツイキャスの録音はこちらから

https://twitcasting.tv/zuratomo4/movie/536844097

 

<読んでみた>

 

P:International Society for Sexual Medcine(ISSM)で定義された早漏患者(EDの合併は考慮しない)

 

※ISSMの定義:挿入から射精までが1分以内のもの

 

I/C:薬物治療(代替療法・精神療法は除く)→dapoxetine(30mg,60mg)、citalopram、venlafaxine、paroxetine+sildenafil、paroxetine PRN(必要時)、sildenafil、placebo、sertraline+sildenafil、tamsulosin、tramadol(25,50,62,89,100)、topical lidocaine+tadalafil、EMLA(eutectic mixture of local anesthetics =lidocaine+prilocaine)、topical lidocaine、dapoxetine30+mirodenafil、sertraline、vardenafil、fluoxetine+tadalafil、fluoxetine、duloxetine、paroxetine daily、paroxetine+tadalafil、tadalafil

 

O:Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT、膣内射精潜時)、有害事象

 

データベース:MEDLINE、CENTRAL、Google Scholar

 

検索語:(サプリメンタリに記載)

 

検索期間:~2017.3.15

 

元論文:RCT、ROB評価→した(サプリメンタリ)

 

評価者:2者独立→協議(第三者介入なし)

 

出版:言語制限なし、リファレンス→調べた、専門家連絡→?、funnnel plot→した(出版バイアスは検出しなかったと

 

異質性:事前登録なし、P,Oは統合できそう

 

ネットワーク図:まとめたものが表示されている(Fig2)

 

閉じた環:個々の評価はできないが、まとめたものでも閉じた環は少ない

 

直接・間接:Table1(おおむね一致しているように見える)

 

資金源:?

 

COI:公開(ないとのこと)

 

結果:IELT(対プラセボWMD) 有意差なかったのはtramadol(25,62,89),venlafaxine

     →効果推定値で1~29分の改善(1分超の改善が臨床的に有意な改善らしい)

   有害事象(対プラセボ、OR) 有意差をもって有害事象が増えたものは、  

     dapoxetine60mg 2.01(1.47~2.74)、fluoxetine 4.46(1.72~11.58)

     fluoxetine+tadalafil 5.15(1.63~16.28)、tramadol50 8.02(2.57~25.07)

                  tramadol25 23.04(1.26~420.37)、tramadol100 23.73(7.64~73.69)

  間接比較(table1)paroxetine+sildenafil>dapoxetine30 1.8(0.8~2.7)

                                                                       >tamsulosin 2(0.6~3.2)

                                                                       >paroxetine daily 1.1(0.3~1.8)

                                                                       >tadalafil 1.3(0.9~1.6)

                                     sildenafil>paroxetine daily 0.7(0.1~1.2)

 

<まとめ>

 

 比較検討されたほとんどの薬剤が1分以上という100%超の延長を示した。

ただ、どの薬剤も日本国内で早漏の適応は持っていないので、使用を推奨するものではないのでご注意ください。

 

<おまけ>

 

早漏薬物療法における最近の進歩」というレビューを見つけたのでよかったら読んでみてください。

https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/recent-advances-in-the-pharmacotherapy-of-premature-ejaculation/

 

Dapoxetine: a new option in the medical management of premature ejaculation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3441133/

PMID: 23024705

ミロガバリン(タリージェ)の第三相臨床試験をまとめ読みした件

<はじめに>

 

 先日職場でタリージェ(ミロガバリン)の勉強会があったので、承認審査資料(審査報告書)と根拠となった二つの第三相臨床試験を事前に読んでみました。

 採用の見込みはほぼなさそうな気配なので、せめて勉強した内容を簡単に吐き出したいのでここに書いてみることにしました。

 

 

<今回の資料>

 

タリージェ審査報告書(pdf注意)

http://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2019/P20190122001/430574000_23100AMX00014_A100_1.pdf

 

糖尿病性末梢神経因性疼痛のPhaseⅢ(J303試験)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=30672128

PMID: 30672128

糖尿病性末梢神経因性疼痛のPhaseⅢの事前登録

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02318706

 

帯状疱疹後神経痛のPhaseⅢ(J304試験)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=30913164

PMID: 30913164

帯状疱疹後神経痛のPhaseⅢの事前登録

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02318719

 

 

<糖尿病性末梢神経因性疼痛の方を読んでみる>

 

P:20歳以上の糖尿病(1型2型どちらでもよい)で糖尿病性末梢神経因性疼痛のあるアジア人834名。→ADPS(平均1日疼痛スコア)4~9点、VAS40~90mm、HbA1C10%以下(NGSP値)、Ccr60mL/min以上、アジアの詳細=日本、韓国、台湾、マレーシア

 

 ※ADPS=過去24時間にわたる疼痛を数値評価尺度(0 =「無痛」〜10 =「最悪の痛み」)で評価

 

I/C:ミロガバリン1日15mg、20mg、30mg、プラセボ(1:1:1:2)

 

O:(主要評価項目)14週でのADPSの変化量

  (副次評価項目)反応率(ADPS改善率30%、50%の患者の割合)、VAS、ADSIS(1日平均睡眠干渉スコア)、PGIC(患者の全体的変化の印象)、有害事象

 

 ※ADSIS=過去24時間の0 = "痛みは睡眠を妨げなかった"から10 = "痛みは完全に睡眠を妨げた"の数値スケールで毎朝評価し週で平均にしてスコア化

 ※PGIC=患者は治療の終わりに0 =「非常に改善」から7 =「非常に悪い」までのスケールで評価

 ※ADPS改善率30%のみ結果でいきなり出てくる事前に示されていない評価項目。

  なお、副次評価項目はすべて事前登録情報には記載がない。

 

ランダム化:層別ランダム化(ADPS6点未満、6点以上)

 

隠蔽化: 「Interactive Web Response System」とあり割り付けは隠蔽化されていると思われる

 

施行バイアス:プレガバリン、抗てんかん薬、セロトニンおよびノルエピネフリン再取り込み阻害薬、催眠薬(ゾルピデムなどの超短時間作用を除く)および抗不安薬、ならびにオピオイドが禁止。アセトアミノフェンの頓服は許可。

 

ITT:mITT(脱落欠損値はLOCFで補完)

 

サンプルサイズ:論文中に記載はないが、審査資料・事前登録情報によると750名のよう(検出力90%、α=0.05、ADPSの差0.6で計算)

 

追跡率:824(解析に回った人数)÷834(ランダム化された人数)=98.8%

 

結果:

Table1(ベースライン):平均61.4歳、男性72.5%、体重69.08kg、Ccr99.8、ADPS5.59、2型糖尿病96.3%、神経障害の期間43.0か月、HbA1C7.50%、日本人72.3%

 

ADPS(主、対プラセボ):15mg -0.03(-0.35~0.30)、20mg -0.15(-0.48~0.17)、30mg -0.50(-0.82~-0.17)

反応率(30%):プラセボ 36.5%、15mg 39.0%、20mg 36.0%、30mg 44.5%

反応率(50%):プラセボ 19.0%、15mg 21.0%、20mg 20.0%、30mg 31.0%

VAS:プラセボ -16.6、15mg -16.8、20mg -18.1、30mg -22.5

ADSIS:プラセボ -0.91、15mg -1.06、20mg -1.04、30mg -1.47

PGIC:やや改善(プラセボ 58.8%、30mg 70.3%)、よく改善(プラセボ 26.1%、30mg 40.0%)

有害事象:プラセボ 61.2%、15mg 68.3%、20mg 68.5%、30mg 77.6%

(有害事象は論文で示されていなかったので、審査資料より)

咽頭炎プラセボ 12.7%、15mg 13.4%、20mg 14.5%、30mg 16.4%

眠気:プラセボ 3.9%、15mg 8.5%、20mg 12.1%、30mg 14.5%

めまい(中止の最大の原因):プラセボ 2.1%、15mg 4.9%、20mg 8.5%、30mg 10.9%

浮腫:プラセボ 1.2%、15mg 4.9%、20mg 2.4%、30mg 8.5%

体重増加:プラセボ 0.6%、15mg 2.4%、20mg 3.0%、30mg 6.7%

外傷:プラセボ 1.8%、15mg 1.2%、20mg 1.8%、30mg 5.5%

 

※鼻咽頭炎と外傷は審査資料にはない

 

まとめ:30mgのみプラセボに対して有意差を示した。有害事象は類薬のリリカ(プレガバリン)に似た感じ。

 

 

帯状疱疹後神経痛の方を読んでみる>

 

P:20歳以上のアジア人帯状疱疹後神経痛患者765名

 →VAS40~90mm、ADPS4~9、Ccr60mL/min以上

 

I/C:ミロガバリン1日15mg、20mg、30mg、プラセボ(1:1:1:2)

 

O:(主要評価項目)14週でのADPSの変化量

  (副次評価項目)反応率(ADPS改善率30%、50%の患者の割合)、VAS、ADSIS(1日平均睡眠干渉スコア)、PGIC(患者の全体的変化の印象)、SF-MPQ、HADS、SF-36、アロディニアの有無、痛覚過敏の有無、有害事象

 ※副次評価項目はすべて事前登録情報には記載がない。

 

ランダム化:層別ランダム化(ADPS6点未満、6点以上)

 

隠蔽化: 「Interactive Web Response System」とあり割り付けは隠蔽化されていると思われる

 

施行バイアス:プレガバリン、抗てんかん薬、催眠薬および抗不安薬オピオイド、トラマドール(合剤含む)、ノイロトロピン、NMDA受容体拮抗薬、筋弛緩薬、ビタミンB1、B12などが禁止。抗うつ薬睡眠薬NSAIDs、漢方は試験前からの服用に限り同用量なら許可。

 

ITT:mITT(脱落欠損値はLOCFで補完)

 

サンプルサイズ:論文中に記載はないが、審査資料・事前登録情報によると750名のよう(検出力90%、α=0.05、ADPSの差0.6で計算)

 

追跡率:763(解析に回った人数)÷765(ランダム化された人数)=99.7%

 

結果:

Table1(ベースライン):66.5歳(75歳以上は平均18.3%だが20mg群が27.5%と突出している印象)、男性60.3%、体重62.3kg、ADPS5.71、VAS59.1、罹病期間18.0か月

 

変化量(MD)(対プラセボ

ADPS:15mg -0.41(-0.74~0.07)、20mg -0.47(-0.81~0.14)、30mg -0.77(-1.10~-0.44)

VAS:15mg -5.1(-0.88~-1.4)、20mg -5.7(-9.4~-1.9)、30mg -7.8(-11.5~-4.1)

ADSIS:15mg -0.50(-0.81~-0.19)、20mg -0.48(-0.79~-0.17)、30mg -0.76(-1.07~-0.45)

 

変化率(OR)(対プラセボ

反応率(30%):15mg 1.54(1.03~2.29)、20mg 1.52(1.02~2.27)、30mg 1.81(1.21~2.69)

反応率(50%):15mg 1.20(0.75~1.93)、20mg 1.48(0.93~2.34)、30mg 1.63(1.04~2.56)

PGIC(2点以下):15mg 1.58(1.04~2.40)、20mg 1.39(0.91~2.13)、30mg 1.45(0.95~2.20)

PGIC(3点以下):15mg 1.39(0.94~2.08)、20mg 1.89(1.25~2.85)、30mg 1.86(1.24~2.81)

 

有害事象(治療関連で5%以上のもの)

咽頭炎プラセボ 8.6%、15mg 8.6%、20mg 10.5%、30mg 12.9%

眠気:プラセボ 3.6%、15mg 13.2%、20mg 17.0%、30mg 23.9%

めまい:プラセボ 2.1%、15mg 4.9%、20mg 8.5%、30mg 10.9%

浮腫:プラセボ 0.7%、15mg 1.3%、20mg 3.9%、30mg 7.1%

体重増加:プラセボ 0.3%、15mg 4.6%、20mg 5.2%、30mg 5.2%

 

<まとめ>

 

 メーカーは受容体への選択性の高さから「既存薬より安全である可能性」を売り文句にしていた。あと「直接比較したデータはない」と言っていたのが気になった。

 で、既存薬であるリリカと直接対決した貴重なPhaseⅡ試験の結果を見てみる(審査資料より)

 

 

P:糖尿病性末梢神経因性疼痛患者

I/C:プラセボ、プレガバリン300mg/日、ミロガバリン1日10mg、20mg、30mg

O:7週でのADPSの変化量

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190415005917p:plain

全介入群でプラセボに対し有意差を認めなかった。

で、肝心の安全性は

 

有害事象:プラセボ 53.4%、プレガバリン 58.1%、10mg 48.9%、20mg 63.4%、30mg 73.3%

 

治療関連有害事象:プラセボ 15.9%、プレガバリン 36.0%、10mg 17.8%、20mg 30.1%、30mg 47.8%

 

特にミロガバリンで有害事象が少ないというわけではないよう。

 

 全体を通して積極的に使う理由も見当たらない感じなので、「当面様子見」というのが整形外科医のいない職場での結論になりそうです。

 

 

 

バロキサビルとノイラミニダーゼ阻害薬を比較したネットワークメタ解析の論文を読んでみた⇒著者結論は「どれも大体同じ。ウイルス量やウイルス排出停止でバロキサビル良かった」って本当?

<はじめに>

 

 暇すぎてPubmed巡回(特定の研究デザインの論文を片っ端から読む。このブログはニッチさがウリ?なのでネットワークメタ解析なんかをよく探しています)をしていたら、バロキサビル(ゾフルーザ)のネットワークメタ解析の論文を発見したので、「CAPSTONE1の内容でネットワークメタしてる暇あるんやったら、はよCAPSTONE2(ハイリスク患者対象の試験)論文化してよ!」と思いながら読んでみた。

 

注意:今回記事がやたら長いので読む際にはご注意ください!

(暇な人以外ここでブラウザをそっ閉じすることを推奨します)

 

<宣伝>

 

CAPSTONE1の過去記事はこちら

 

zuratomo4.hatenablog.com

 

 

<お題論文>

 

A network meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of baloxavir marboxil versus neuraminidase inhibitors for the treatment of influenza in otherwis... - PubMed - NCBI

PMID: 30810054

 

チェックシート改訂しましたので以下のリンクからどうぞ

Dropbox - ネットワークメタ解析チェックシートVer9.pdf

 

<読んでみる>

 

①リサーチクエスチョンの特定

 

アブストラクトから

P:合併症のないインフルエンザ患者

I/C:バロキサビル/他の抗インフルエンザ薬

O:有効性、安全性

 

本文メソッドから

P:合併症のないインフルエンザ患者

I/C:バロキサビル(80㎏未満40㎎、80㎏以上80㎎)、オセルタミビル1回75㎎1日2回5日、ザナミビル1回10㎎1日2回5日、ラニナミビル40㎎、ペラミビル300㎎、プラセボ

O:有効性→症状緩和までの時間、解熱までの時間(平熱への回復時間)、ウイルス排出停止までの時間、ウイルス力価低下(24時間、48時間)、インフルエンザ発症前の状態への回復時間(通常活動ができるまでの時間)、肺炎

 安全性→有害事象、薬剤関連有害事象、嘔吐、下痢

 

リレンザ開発前にあったザナミビル鼻噴霧スプレーは解析に入っていない模様。

 

②システマティックレビューの評価

 

・データベース:MEDLINE、EMBASE、CENTRAL、Clinicaltrials.gov、EMA、FDA、PMDA、学会抄録

 

・検索語:薬剤成分名、薬剤開発コード、influenza、RCT

 

・検索日:2016.11.14(CAPSTONE1以外の論文がやけに古いのはこのため)

 

・元論文:RCTのみ収集しているが、個々のRCTの質の評価をした形跡はない

 

・評価者:二者(独立しているかはきちんと書いていないが独立でやっていそう)→意見対立時は第三者介入

 

・出版:言語制限の有無は不明。参考文献はおっているが、専門家への連絡はなし(そもそもラストオーサーのHirotsu N.先生が専門家のような…)。ファンネルプロットは実行できるほどの研究数がない。

 

・異質性:事前登録はない。PやOはよくある設定なので統合できないということはなさそう(特に第二相臨床試験が対象になりそう)

 

⇒元論文バイアスと出版バイアスはかかっているとみてよさそう

 

※おまけ:Hirotsu N.先生は以下のような記事でよく見る先生。

廣津伸夫:最近話題のキーワード:日経メディカル Online

インフルエンザ、家庭でどう広がる? データにあらわれた意外な結果 | ハフポスト

1回飲むだけのインフル新薬「ゾフルーザ」ってどんな薬? 医師に聞いた | ハフポスト

 

 

③ネットワークメタ解析の評価

 

・ネットワーク図:まとめたものが一つ示されている。(一つ一つ確認しないと個々のアウトカムの評価ができないが、複数テーブルに該当研究が示されており見づらい)

 

・閉じた環:少ない

 

・研究数、サンプルサイズ:プラセボvsザナミビル、プラセボvsオセルタミビル以外は1~2研究しかない

 

 ※IGLOO試験(ラニナミビルの欧州第二相試験https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01793883)が入っていないが、これは検索日が2016.11だから(IGLOOの結果がNCTに載ったのが2017.9.1)日本語で解説が見たい方は以下のリンクよりどうぞ。

http://ph-minimal.hatenablog.com/entry/2018/11/15/023743

 

・直接比較、間接比較:分けて記載していないので評価できない

資金源:公開されている。塩野義製薬が資金を出してCreativ-Ceutical社に依頼している

 

※Creativ-Ceutical社https://www.creativ-ceutical.com/HTAなどの医療技術系の資料作成などをしている会社のよう。日本にもあり代表のかたの論文やセミナー情報がある。

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjpe/23/1/23_49/_pdf/-char/en

https://tech-seminar.jp/lecturer/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF-%E4%BD%B3%E6%81%B5

 

COI:公開されているが塩野義関連のもののみ。

 

④結果(対バロキサビルで表示されている。㎎数は1日用量。数値はMDで表記。太字は有意差あり)

 

・症状緩和までの時間

プラセボ29.36(15.34~45.82)

ザナミビル20㎎:19.96(3.23~39.07)

ラニナミビル40㎎:6.41(-15.48~39.07)

オセルタミビル150㎎:6.33(-6.89~19.54)

ペラミビル300㎎:7.60(-8.49~24.78)

 

・解熱までの時間

プラセボ19.12(6.44~33.25)

ザナミビル20㎎:4.65(-20.06~41.56)

ラニナミビル40㎎:0.41(-18.82~24.20)

オセルタミビル150㎎:-1.14(-14.16~10.33)

ペラミビル300㎎:-1.69(-17.50~14.48)

 

・インフルエンザ発症前の状態への回復時間

プラセボ:33.25(-24.07~90.96)

ザナミビル20㎎:18.77(-61.58~107.20)

ラニナミビル40㎎:NR

オセルタミビル150㎎:-6.88(-70.17~54.81)

ペラミビル300㎎:0.84(-77.97~77.66)

 

・ウイルス排出停止までの時間

プラセボ84.04(-50.65~131.90)

ザナミビル20㎎:47.00(28.18~73.86)

ラニナミビル40㎎:NR

オセルタミビル150㎎:56.03(33.74~87.86)

ペラミビル300㎎:NR

 

・ウイルス力価低下(24時間)

プラセボ2.98(2.10~3.90)

ザナミビル20㎎:2.49(1.12~3.85)

ラニナミビル40㎎:NR

オセルタミビル150㎎:2.30(1.32~3.30)

ペラミビル300㎎:2.31(1.19~3.49)

 

・ウイルス力価低下(48時間)

プラセボ1.64(0.82~2.49)

ザナミビル20㎎:1.17(0.11~2.28)

ラニナミビル40㎎:NR

オセルタミビル150㎎:0.74(-0.15~1.67)

ペラミビル300㎎:1.06(0.02~2.14)

 

・肺炎(ここからOR)

 

プラセボ:0.92(0.07~90.96)

ザナミビル20㎎:0.13(0.0002~15.37)

ラニナミビル40㎎:NR

オセルタミビル150㎎:0.44(0.03~4.86)

ペラミビル300㎎:0.71(0.03~17.36)

 

・有害事象

プラセボ:1.28(0.96~1.69)

ザナミビル20㎎:1.01(0.72~1.42)

ラニナミビル40㎎:1.02(0.65~1.57)

オセルタミビル150㎎:1.12(0.85~1.47)

ペラミビル300㎎:1.02(0.70~1.50)

 

・薬剤関連有害事象

プラセボ:1.15(0.67~1.95)

ザナミビル20㎎:1.03(0.55~1.92)

ラニナミビル40㎎:2.02(1.05~3.99)

オセルタミビル150㎎:1.92(1.18~3.20)

ペラミビル300㎎:1.25(0.67~2.36)

 

・嘔吐

プラセボ:0.91(0.38~2.19)

ザナミビル20㎎:NR

ラニナミビル40㎎:0.64(0.24~1.77)

オセルタミビル150㎎:0.70(0.30~1.68)

ペラミビル300㎎:0.51(0.17~1.57)

 

・下痢

プラセボ:0.65(0.12~5.41)

ザナミビル20㎎:NR

ラニナミビル40㎎:0.21(0.01~3.35)

オセルタミビル150㎎:2.42(0.48~19.26)

ペラミビル300㎎:0.26(0.02~3.10)

 

<まとめ>

 

 多くの治験で主要評価項目となっている症状緩和までの時間で、バロキサビルはプラセボやザナミビルに勝ったというが、試験選定に問題がありそう。

 また、研究数も少なくこれからの結果次第で容易に覆りそう。

 本記事作成中に以下のような報道があり、「もうすでに結果変わりそう(´;ω;`)」と涙目になりました。

 https://medical.nikkeibp.co.jp/leaf/mem/pub/hotnews/int/201903/560176.html

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331165013p:plain


<論文では不十分だった情報を埋められるだけ埋めてみた>

実際に集まった研究のうち読めるものを読んでrisk of biasを評価してみた。

(評価はかなり甘目。ただし全く触れていない場合は第三相試験だから大丈夫だろうと思ってもunclearとした) 

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331150430p:plain

L=low risk of bias U=unclear of bias H=high risk of bias

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331150504p:plain

第二相、第三相が主なので、集まった研究の質は良いほうだと思う。

 

自分の評価では心もとないのでRobotReviewerにも評価してもらった。(なんか色が変)(trial部分が数字になっているのはPMID)

f:id:zuratomo4:20190315230609p:plain

Characteristics of studies

Rederick F, 1997

Population

  1. Patients Previously healthy persons who were at least 18 years old (at least 13 years in North America) with an acute influenza-like illness of 48 hours' duration during documented influenzavirus circulation in the community were enrolled.
  2. We assessed the therapeutic activity of zanamivir in adults with acute influenza.
  3. Conclusions In adults with influenza A or B virus infections, direct administration of a selective neuraminidase inhibitor, zanamivir, to the respiratory tract is safe and reduces symptoms if begun early.

Intervention

  1. A total of 417 adults with influenza-like illness of 48 hours' duration were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 6.4 mg of zanamivir by intranasal spray plus 10 mg by inhalation, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo spray, or placebo by both routes.
  2. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation by mouth plus 6.4 mg by intranasal spray, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo nasal sprays, or placebo by both routes.
  3. Results Of 262 patients with confirmed influenzavirus infection (63 percent of all patients), the median length of time to the alleviation of all major symptoms was one day shorter (four days vs. five days) in the 88 patients given inhaled and intranasal zanamivir (P 0.02) and the 85 patients given inhaled zanamivir alone (P 0.05) than in the 89 patients given placebo.

Outcomes

  1. The primary clinical end point was the length of time to the alleviation of all major symptoms of influenza, as defined by the absence of feverishness and the presence of no other major symptoms (headache, myalgia, cough, and sore throat), or only mild ones, for at least 24 hours.
  2. Among the infected patients who were febrile at enrollment and among those who began treatment within 30 hours after the onset of symptoms , the median time to the alleviation of major symptoms was four days in both zanamivir groups and seven days in the placebo group (P 0.01).
  3. Severity was rated on a four-point scale in which a score of 0 indicated no symptoms, a score of 1 mild symptoms, a score of 2 moderate symptoms, and a score of 3 severe symptoms .

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

high/unclear

  1. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation by mouth plus 6.4 mg by intranasal spray, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo nasal sprays, or placebo by both routes.
  2. A total of 417 adults with influenza-like illness of 48 hours' duration were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 6.4 mg of zanamivir by intranasal spray plus 10 mg by inhalation, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo spray, or placebo by both routes.
  3. Methods We conducted separate randomized, double-blind studies in 38 centers in North America and 32 centers in Europe during the influenza season of 1994–1995.

Allocation concealment

high/unclear

  1. Methods We conducted separate randomized, double-blind studies in 38 centers in North America and 32 centers in Europe during the influenza season of 1994–1995.
  2. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation by mouth plus 6.4 mg by intranasal spray, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo nasal sprays, or placebo by both routes.
  3. 14 Pairwise comparisons of intranasal and inhaled zanamivir with placebo and of inhaled zanamivir with placebo were performed with an extended Mantel–Haenszel test, with integer scores stratified according to the protocol.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. Both were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled in design and tested the same regimen of drug treatment.
  2. Methods We conducted separate randomized, double-blind studies in 38 centers in North America and 32 centers in Europe during the influenza season of 1994–1995.
  3. The secondary end points were analyzed in the same manner as the primary end point, except for the viral shedding AUC, which was analyzed with analysis of covariance to allow for effects due to base line (day 1 value) and treatment.

Blinding of outcome assessment

high/unclear

  1. 14 Pairwise comparisons of intranasal and inhaled zanamivir with placebo and of inhaled zanamivir with placebo were performed with an extended Mantel–Haenszel test, with integer scores stratified according to the protocol.
  2. The patients recorded their symptoms (nasal stuffiness or runny nose, sore throat, cough, muscle aches, tiredness or fatigue, headache , loss of appetite, and feverishness) on a diary card each morning and evening.
  3. Other demographic characteristics of enrolled patients and their severity of illness were generally similar (Table 1 ), although an excess of smokers was present in the group assigned to intranasal and inhaled zanamivir.

Monto AS, 1999

Population

  1. Subjects ages 65 years or with the following chronic illnesses were included and regarded as being at high risk for developing complications or having more severe or prolonged illness: cardiovascular conditions (excluding hypertension), respiratory conditions , and endocrine or metabolic conditions.
  2. Otherwise healthy persons ages 13 years who presented with symptoms of influenza of 48 h duration were enrolled in the study during a single influenza season (November 1995 through March 1996 ).
  3. Pregnant or breast-feeding women and women at risk of becoming pregnant during the study were also excluded.

Intervention

  1. Subjects were randomized in the ratio 2:2:1:1 to receive one of the following treatments for 5 days: zanamivir, 10 mg 2/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 2/day by nasal spray; zanamivir, 10 mg 4/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 4/day by nasal spray; placebo by both routes 2/day; or placebo by both routes 4/day.
  2. The study was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter parallel-group study that compared the efficacy and safety of zanamivir administered 2 or 4 a day for treatment of influenza A and B infections.
  3. The efficacy and safety of zanamivir, administered 2 or 4 daily over 5 days, was evaluated in the treatment of influenza infections.

Outcomes

  1. The primary clinical end point was the time to alleviation of clinically significant symptoms, defined as the absence of feverishness, a temperature !37.8C, and a score of 0 (none) or 1 (mild) for other major symptoms (i.e., headache, myalgia , sore throat, and cough), which had to be maintained 24 h. Time to alleviation was measured in half-days from the start of treatment (day 1), with the morning of the first day of treatment corresponding to 0 days.
  2. Secondary end points included mean symptom score, sleep turbance, time to return to normal activities, and use of acetaminophen and cough mixture to relieve symptoms.
  3. The primary end point, " al-leviation of major symptoms, " was created to evaluate differences in clinical impact.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

high/unclear

  1. Subjects were randomized in the ratio 2:2:1:1 to receive one of the following treatments for 5 days: zanamivir, 10 mg 2/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 2/day by nasal spray; zanamivir, 10 mg 4/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 4/day by nasal spray; placebo by both routes 2/day; or placebo by both routes 4/day.
  2. In total, 1258 persons were enrolled in the study, and 1256 persons were randomized to one of the treatment groups as follows: zanamivir, 2/day, 419; zanamivir, 4/day, 415; placebo, 422 (figure 1).
  3. The study was doubleblind to active treatment versus placebo but not for dosing schedule .

Allocation concealment

high/unclear

  1. Subjects were randomized in the ratio 2:2:1:1 to receive one of the following treatments for 5 days: zanamivir, 10 mg 2/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 2/day by nasal spray; zanamivir, 10 mg 4/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 4/day by nasal spray; placebo by both routes 2/day; or placebo by both routes 4/day.
  2. Medication was selfadministered , and subjects were instructed to take the inhaled medication before the intranasal medication.
  3. The study was doubleblind to active treatment versus placebo but not for dosing schedule .

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. The study was doubleblind to active treatment versus placebo but not for dosing schedule .
  2. Subjects were randomized in the ratio 2:2:1:1 to receive one of the following treatments for 5 days: zanamivir, 10 mg 2/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 2/day by nasal spray; zanamivir, 10 mg 4/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 4/day by nasal spray; placebo by both routes 2/day; or placebo by both routes 4/day.
  3. The study was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter parallel-group study that compared the efficacy and safety of zanamivir administered 2 or 4 a day for treatment of influenza A and B infections.

Blinding of outcome assessment

high/unclear

  1. The study was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter parallel-group study that compared the efficacy and safety of zanamivir administered 2 or 4 a day for treatment of influenza A and B infections.
  2. Subjects were randomized in the ratio 2:2:1:1 to receive one of the following treatments for 5 days: zanamivir, 10 mg 2/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 2/day by nasal spray; zanamivir, 10 mg 4/day by oral inhalation plus 6.4 mg 4/day by nasal spray; placebo by both routes 2/day; or placebo by both routes 4/day.
  3. The study was doubleblind to active treatment versus placebo but not for dosing schedule .

Treanor JJ, 2000

Population

  1. Participants Previously healthy adults aged 18 to 65 years who presented within 36 hours of onset of influenza symptoms and who had documented oral temperature of 38°C or higher at enrollment plus 1 or more respiratory symptom (cough, sore throat, or nasal symptoms ) and 1 or more constitutional symptom (headache, malaise, myalgia , sweats and/or chills, or fatigue) were enrolled.
  2. Individuals were excluded from the study if they had received influenza vaccination in the 12 months prior to the beginning of the study; had active, clinically significant chronic illness or human immunodeficiency virus disease; were receiving systemic steroids or other immunosuppressants; or had a history of alcohol or drug abuse.

Intervention

  1. Drug Administration Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: oseltamivir, 75 mg or 150 mg orally twice daily, or matching placebo for 5 days.

Outcomes

  1. Participants Previously healthy adults aged 18 to 65 years who presented within 36 hours of onset of influenza symptoms and who had documented oral temperature of 38°C or higher at enrollment plus 1 or more respiratory symptom (cough, sore throat, or nasal symptoms ) and 1 or more constitutional symptom (headache, malaise, myalgia , sweats and/or chills, or fatigue) were enrolled.
  2. Clinical Monitoring Participants recorded the severity of 7 influenza symptoms (cough, nasal obstruction , sore throat, fatigue, headache , myalgia, and feverishness) using a 4-point scale (0, absent; 3, severe) twice daily for 21 days.
  3. For the primary efficacy analysis, laboratory-documented influenza infection was defined as isolation of influenza virus from nasal secretions and/or a 4-fold or greater HAI antibody re- sponse.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

high/unclear

  1. Drug Administration Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: oseltamivir, 75 mg or 150 mg orally twice daily, or matching placebo for 5 days.
  2. Randomization occurred at the time of study entry by telephone contact with an automated service that had sole access to the code key and was stratified by study site and smoking behavior.
  3. Participants and staff remained blinded to allocation status throughout the study.

Allocation concealment

low

  1. Randomization occurred at the time of study entry by telephone contact with an automated service that had sole access to the code key and was stratified by study site and smoking behavior.
  2. Participants and staff remained blinded to allocation status throughout the study.
  3. Drug Administration Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: oseltamivir, 75 mg or 150 mg orally twice daily, or matching placebo for 5 days.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. Participants and staff remained blinded to allocation status throughout the study.
  2. Drug Administration Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: oseltamivir, 75 mg or 150 mg orally twice daily, or matching placebo for 5 days.
  3. All laboratory tests were performed by individuals blinded to study assignment.

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

  1. The scales were demonstrated to be easily comprehended by English-speaking volunteers and correlate well with other questions about activity and with influenza symptom scores (Influenza Questionnaire Pilot Study Report, August 1997, Hoffmann-La Roche, data on file).
  2. Randomization occurred at the time of study entry by telephone contact with an automated service that had sole access to the code key and was stratified by study site and smoking behavior.
  3. Following this, they were asked to record their assessment of health status at baseline and over a 24-hour period once daily in the evening.

Mäkelä MJ, 2000

Population

  1. Introduction Even in patients with uncomplicated self-limiting influenza, the symptoms of the disease can be severe and incapacitating, often confining patients to bed while the fever is present, with associated absenteeism from school or work.

Intervention

  1. Patients were randomized (1:1) in a double-blind fashion to receive zanamivir 10 mg inhaled orally twice daily via a Diskhaler TM or matching placebo for 5 days.
  2. Patients aged ‚â• 12 years were recruited within 2 days of onset of typical influenza symptoms and received orally inhaled zanamivir 10 mg via a Diskhaler TM twice daily for 5 days or matching placebo.

Outcomes

  1. Other endpoints included symptom severity, use of relief medications, time to return to normal activities, complications and investigator's assessment of symptoms.
  2. Zanamivir significantly reduced the time to alleviation of symptoms versus placebo (median 5 days versus 7.5 days, P < 0.001), a 33% reduction in duration of illness.
  3. The primary endpoint was the time until alleviation of clinically significant symptoms of influenza, defined as no fever (temperature < 37.8°C and feverishness recorded as 'none') and headache, muscle or joint aches and pains, cough and sore throat recorded as 'none' or 'mild', maintained for 24 h (three consecutive diary card readings).

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. The randomization code was generated using an internal Glaxo Wellcome program.
  2. Because of the unpredictable nature of influenza outbreaks, some centres would inevitably recruit small numbers of patients; therefore, each patient was randomized independently, with no stratification for centre.
  3. Patients were randomized (1:1) in a double-blind fashion to receive zanamivir 10 mg inhaled orally twice daily via a Diskhaler TM or matching placebo for 5 days.

Allocation concealment

low

  1. Because of the unpredictable nature of influenza outbreaks, some centres would inevitably recruit small numbers of patients; therefore, each patient was randomized independently, with no stratification for centre.
  2. The randomization code was generated using an internal Glaxo Wellcome program.
  3. The study medication was packed in individually numbered treatment packs.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. Patients were randomized (1:1) in a double-blind fashion to receive zanamivir 10 mg inhaled orally twice daily via a Diskhaler TM or matching placebo for 5 days.
  2. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in primary care and hospital clinics in 11 European countries.
  3. The study medication was packed in individually numbered treatment packs.

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

  1. Patients were randomized (1:1) in a double-blind fashion to receive zanamivir 10 mg inhaled orally twice daily via a Diskhaler TM or matching placebo for 5 days.
  2. 24 Patients who had missing diary card data and no positive evidence of alleviation were assigned as treatment failures and were included in the analysis as being alleviated after the end of the study.
  3. The assumptions did not appear justified for these data.

Boivin G, 2000

Population

  1. The antiviral and clinical effects of inhaled zanamivir (10 mg twice daily for 5 days, started within the first or second day of a flulike illness) were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial during the 1997–1998 influenza season in Canada.

Intervention

  1. The antiviral and clinical effects of inhaled zanamivir (10 mg twice daily for 5 days, started within the first or second day of a flulike illness) were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial during the 1997–1998 influenza season in Canada.
  2. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study conducted during the 1997–1998 winter to investigate the efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir (Glaxo Wellcome, Mississauga, Canada) at a dosage of 10 mg twice daily for 5 days in the treatment of symptomatic influenza virus infections [5].
  3. After only 12 h of treatment (1 dose), median virus titers decreased by 1.0 log 10 TCID 50 /mL in the zanamivir group (), compared with a 0.42-log 10 increase in the n = 17 placebo group (;).

Outcomes

  1. The primary end point of the clinical trial was the length of time to alleviation of all clinically important symptoms, as defined by no fever and other flu symptoms recorded as absent or mild for at least 24 h. Laboratory procedures.
  2. This was associated with a 4.5-day (47.4%) reduction in the n = 10 P = .08 median time to alleviation of all significant flu symptoms in the zanamivir recipients (P = after adjusting for the initial virus titer and the time between onset of symptoms and .03 treatment).
  3. Patients' symptoms and fever were self-assessed on a diary card by use of a 4-point scale 4 times daily during treatment and then twice daily for another 9 days.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

high/unclear

  1. The antiviral and clinical effects of inhaled zanamivir (10 mg twice daily for 5 days, started within the first or second day of a flulike illness) were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial during the 1997–1998 influenza season in Canada.
  2. The NA and hemagglutinin (HA)–1 genes of selected H3N2 virus isolates were reverse-transcribed and PCR-amplified (C-Therm Polymerase One- Step RT-PCR System; Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) with NA primers 14/1420 [8] or HA1 primers 7/1184 [9].
  3. Serial swabs were then obtained by a research nurse every 12 h, prior to each dose of zanamivir.

Allocation concealment

high/unclear

  1. The antiviral and clinical effects of inhaled zanamivir (10 mg twice daily for 5 days, started within the first or second day of a flulike illness) were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial during the 1997–1998 influenza season in Canada.
  2. Swabs were immediately placed in 2 mL of a virus transportation medium (Cellmatics; Difco, Detroit) and kept at 4C for a maximum of 36 h before cell inoculation in a central laboratory in Québec.
  3. Eight 10-fold dilutions were inoculated in quadruplicate onto MDCK cells in 24-well plates to determine the TCID 50 .

Blinding of participants and personnel

high/unclear

  1. Again, all paired isolates from those patients had identical HA1 sequences with the exception of patient 15.
  2. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study conducted during the 1997–1998 winter to investigate the efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir (Glaxo Wellcome, Mississauga, Canada) at a dosage of 10 mg twice daily for 5 days in the treatment of symptomatic influenza virus infections [5].
  3. The median time to alleviation of all flu symptoms for influenza virus–positive subjects was 9.5 days in the placebo group and 5.0 days in the zanamivir group (47.4% difference; ).

Blinding of outcome assessment

high/unclear

  1. The antiviral and clinical effects of inhaled zanamivir (10 mg twice daily for 5 days, started within the first or second day of a flulike illness) were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial during the 1997–1998 influenza season in Canada.
  2. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study conducted during the 1997–1998 winter to investigate the efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir (Glaxo Wellcome, Mississauga, Canada) at a dosage of 10 mg twice daily for 5 days in the treatment of symptomatic influenza virus infections [5].
  3. Thirty-five patients were enrolled in the trial; of these, 27 (77%) had an influenza virus infection laboratory-confirmed by both culture and PCR (100% concordance on day 1).

10866439.pdf

Population

  1. We excluded patients who had been vaccinated against influenza in the previous 12 months, had active clinically important chronic illness or known HIV-1 infection, were receiving steroids or other immunosuppressants, and who had a history of drug or alcohol abuse.
  2. Eligible patients were aged 18–65 years and presented within 36 h of onset of influenza-like illness with fever of at least 38°C, with at least one respiratory symptom (cough, sore throat, or nasal symptom) and at least one constitutional symptom Articles For personal use only.

Intervention

  1. Patients were randomly assigned oseltamivir 75 mg, oseltamivir 150 mg, or matching placebo twice daily for 5 days.
  2. Patients were assigned oral oseltamivir 75 mg (n=243), oseltamivir 150 mg (n=245), or placebo (n=238) twice daily for 5 days.
  3. Discussion The administration of oral oseltamivir 75 mg or 150 mg twice daily was associated with significant clinical and antiviral effects in healthy adults with naturally occurring influenza and was generally well tolerated.

Outcomes

  1. Symptom relief was taken to occur at the start of the first 24 h period in which all influenza symptoms were scored as mild or none and remained so for at least 24 h. Other endpoints included: time to resolution of influenzal illness for all randomised patients; severity of illness, defined as the area under the curve for total symptom scores, for the whole illness duration; health, activity, and sleep quality, defined as the area under curve for scale scores, for the whole the treatment period; the frequency of and need for antibiotic treatment for common complications of influenza (otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia); and virus shedding.
  2. Assessments Patients recorded their oral temperature and the presence and severity of influenza symptoms of cough, nasal obstruction, sore throat, fatigue, headache, myalgia, and feverishness on a fourpoint scale (0 absent, 1 mild, 2 moderate, and 3 severe) twice daily for up to 21 days.
  3. The primary efficacy endpoint was the length of time to resolution of influenzal illness (defined as the period from start of study-drug to relief of symptoms) in the intention-to-treat population of infected patients.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. Randomisation was computer generated by a central randomisation facility, which had sole access to the code.
  2. Each centre provided its own medication in individually numbered packs, according to the instructions of the randomisation centre.
  3. Patients were randomly assigned oseltamivir 75 mg, oseltamivir 150 mg, or matching placebo twice daily for 5 days.

Allocation concealment

low

  1. Randomisation was computer generated by a central randomisation facility, which had sole access to the code.
  2. Each centre provided its own medication in individually numbered packs, according to the instructions of the randomisation centre.
  3. Patients were randomly assigned oseltamivir 75 mg, oseltamivir 150 mg, or matching placebo twice daily for 5 days.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. Randomisation was computer generated by a central randomisation facility, which had sole access to the code.
  2. Patients were randomly assigned oseltamivir 75 mg, oseltamivir 150 mg, or matching placebo twice daily for 5 days.
  3. Median virus titre areas under curves were lower by 30–40% during the first 4 days of treatment in the oseltamivir groups than in the placebo group (75 mg group, 78·2 log 10 TCID 50 h/mL, p=0·03; 150 mg group, 94·4 log 10 TCID 50 h/mL, p=0·003; placebo group, 130·8 log 10 TCID 50 h/mL).

Blinding of outcome assessment

high/unclear

  1. These assays were done by standard methods with antigens known to be circulating during the 1997–98 influenza season (influenza A/Shenzen/95 [H1N1], A/Wuhan/95 [H3N2], A/Sydney/97 [H3N2], and B/Harbin/95).
  2. We did not design this study to compare the activity of the two dose groups; the effects did not differ between doses for magnitude of clinical and antiviral effects.
  3. We did a double-blind randomised placebocontrolled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of oseltamivir in the treatment of naturally acquired influenza in human beings.

12667386.pdf

Population

  1. .

Intervention

  1. .

Outcomes

  1. .

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

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Allocation concealment

high/unclear

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Blinding of participants and personnel

high/unclear

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  2. J3% 6/8/0'()*% '00%*)'()5$ 475457()5$ 5-(3% 51%0( ;

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

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Puhakka T, 2003

Population

  1. Patients who met any of the following criteria were excluded: hypersensitive to any component of the study medication or paracetamol, immunocompromised, currently using antibiotics for respiratory tract infection, had used influenza or any other antiviral therapy within 7 d of the study.
  2. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients
  3. Women of childbearing potential were required to use acceptable methods of contraception and to have a negative urine test for pregnancy.

Intervention

  1. Eligible patients were randomly assigned by means of a computer-generated randomization schedule in blocks of 6 to receive 2 inhalations of either zanamivir (Relenza‚Ñ¢, GlaxoSmithKline; 5 mg per inhalation) or matched placebo (lactose powder) twice daily (morning and evening) for 5 d: a total daily dose of 20 mg.
  2. Conscripts were recruited within 2 d of onset of typical influenza symptoms and received inhaled zanamivir 10 mg via a Diskhaler‚Ñ¢ twice daily for 5 d or matching placebo.
  3. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial performed at 5 residential units of the Finnish Defence Forces was conducted to assess the antiviral activity, efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of naturally acquired influenza.

Outcomes

  1. The symptoms recorded (using a 4-point severity scale: 0, for no symptoms; 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe) included headache, sore throat, feverishness, cough, muscle/joint aches and pains, nasal symptoms, weakness, loss of appetite and overall influenza-related symptom assessment.
  2. Patients were required to have an influenza-like illness (of less than 48 h duration ), defined as the presence of fever (temperature ] 37.8°C) and at least 2 of the following symptoms: headache, muscle/joint aches and pain, sore throat and cough.
  3. Assessment of illness Patients recorded the severity of their influenza symptoms, oral temperature using a digital thermometer (Becton-Dickinson AccuBeep standard digital thermometer) and use of relief medication 4 times daily for the first 3 d then twice daily until day 28 on diary cards.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. Eligible patients were randomly assigned by means of a computer-generated randomization schedule in blocks of 6 to receive 2 inhalations of either zanamivir (Relenza‚Ñ¢, GlaxoSmithKline; 5 mg per inhalation) or matched placebo (lactose powder) twice daily (morning and evening) for 5 d: a total daily dose of 20 mg.
  2. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial performed at 5 residential units of the Finnish Defence Forces was conducted to assess the antiviral activity, efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of naturally acquired influenza.
  3. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup trial performed at 6 garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces.

Allocation concealment

high/unclear

  1. Eligible patients were randomly assigned by means of a computer-generated randomization schedule in blocks of 6 to receive 2 inhalations of either zanamivir (Relenza‚Ñ¢, GlaxoSmithKline; 5 mg per inhalation) or matched placebo (lactose powder) twice daily (morning and evening) for 5 d: a total daily dose of 20 mg.
  2. For viral load measurements, throat and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken at baseline and at 24 h after the first dose, with additional throat swabs being taken at 8 and 48 h. All swabs were taken before study medication was used, kept at 4°C, vortexed and then divided into 2 aliquots for storage at − 70°C.
  3. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup trial performed at 6 garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup trial performed at 6 garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces.
  2. Eligible patients were randomly assigned by means of a computer-generated randomization schedule in blocks of 6 to receive 2 inhalations of either zanamivir (Relenza‚Ñ¢, GlaxoSmithKline; 5 mg per inhalation) or matched placebo (lactose powder) twice daily (morning and evening) for 5 d: a total daily dose of 20 mg.
  3. The treatment groups were similar with respect to demographic details.

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

  1. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup trial performed at 6 garrisons of the Finnish Defence Forces.
  2. The collection and handling of specimens was standardized by laboratory meetings of study doctors and nurses before both influenza seasons.
  3. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial performed at 5 residential units of the Finnish Defence Forces was conducted to assess the antiviral activity, efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of naturally acquired influenza.

Kohno S, 2010

Population

  1. A total of 300 previously healthy adult subjects aged 20 to 64 years with a positive influenza virus rapid antigen test were recruited within 48 h of the onset of influenza symptoms and randomized to three groups: single intravenous infusion of either 300 mg peramivir per kg of body weight, 600 mg peramivir, or matching placebo on study day 1.
  2. Exclusion criteria included respiratory dysfunction or chronic respiratory disorders requiring pharmacotherapy, convulsions or other neurological symptoms, active clinically important chronic illness or known infection with human immunodeficiency virus, renal impairment requiring hemodialysis, suspected bacterial infection, treatment with steroids or other immunosuppressants, use of anti-influenza virus drugs within the past 7 days; and a history of hypersensitivity , allergy, or serious adverse drug reactions to anti-influenza virus drugs or acetaminophen.

Intervention

  1. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of intravenous peramivir (300 mg or 600 mg) or matching placebo (Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan).
  2. A total of 300 previously healthy adult subjects aged 20 to 64 years with a positive influenza virus rapid antigen test were recruited within 48 h of the onset of influenza symptoms and randomized to three groups: single intravenous infusion of either 300 mg peramivir per kg of body weight, 600 mg peramivir, or matching placebo on study day 1.
  3. The efficacy of peramivir was evaluated by comparing the treatment group (consisting of the 300-mg and 600-mg groups) with the placebo group.

Outcomes

  1. Other efficacy endpoints included a change (from baseline) in composite symptom scores at 24, 36, 48, and 96 h after the start of treatment; the proportion of afebrile subjects (37°C; axillary); a change in the influenza virus titer from baseline; time to resumption of usual activities; and incidence of influenzarelated complications (otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia).
  2. The primary efficacy endpoint (time to alleviation of symptoms) was defined as the time from the start of treatment to recovery (i.e., when all seven influenza symptom scores had been at " 0 " or " 1 " for at least 21.5 h).
  3. The presence of the seven influenza symptoms was self-assessed on a 4-point scale (0, absent; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe) (influenza symptom severity scale [ISS]) and recorded twice daily from day 1 to day 9 and once daily from day 10 to day 14 (16).

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. Computer-generated randomization was conducted by a central randomization facility with sole access to the code, using a minimization method to balance current smoking behavior at screening and composite symptom scores at screening among the three groups.
  2. Each center dispensed the study drug, which was unrecognizable without a drug number, according to the instructions of the randomization center, using assigned randomization numbers.
  3. A total of 300 previously healthy adult subjects aged 20 to 64 years with a positive influenza virus rapid antigen test were recruited within 48 h of the onset of influenza symptoms and randomized to three groups: single intravenous infusion of either 300 mg peramivir per kg of body weight, 600 mg peramivir, or matching placebo on study day 1.

Allocation concealment

low

  1. Each center dispensed the study drug, which was unrecognizable without a drug number, according to the instructions of the randomization center, using assigned randomization numbers.
  2. Computer-generated randomization was conducted by a central randomization facility with sole access to the code, using a minimization method to balance current smoking behavior at screening and composite symptom scores at screening among the three groups.
  3. The study drug, a single intravenous infusion of 30-to 60-min duration, was administered by the appropriate personnel at each center.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. Virological testing and laboratory tests were performed at BML Corporation (Saitama, Japan) by technicians blinded to treatment assignment.
  2. A total of 300 previously healthy adult subjects aged 20 to 64 years with a positive influenza virus rapid antigen test were recruited within 48 h of the onset of influenza symptoms and randomized to three groups: single intravenous infusion of either 300 mg peramivir per kg of body weight, 600 mg peramivir, or matching placebo on study day 1.
  3. This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, and 74 other centers in Japan between December 2007 and April 2008.

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

  1. Computer-generated randomization was conducted by a central randomization facility with sole access to the code, using a minimization method to balance current smoking behavior at screening and composite symptom scores at screening among the three groups.
  2. Virological testing and laboratory tests were performed at BML Corporation (Saitama, Japan) by technicians blinded to treatment assignment.
  3. Analysis was performed for observed data on the subset of subjects who were positive for influenza virus at baseline.

Watanabe A, 2010

Population

  1. The exclusion criteria were as follows: suspicion of infection with a bacterial species or noninfluenza virus within 1 week before enrollment; reported occurrence of any influenza-like symptom within 1 week before the onset of influenza; chronic respiratory disease; renal dysfunction ; history of alcohol or drug abuse; or treatment with amantadine, zanamivir, or oseltamivir within 4 weeks.
  2. Eligible patients were aged 20 years who presented within 36 h after the onset of influenza symptoms and who had an axillary temperature of 37.5C and a positive test result with use of a rapid influenza diagnostic kit.
  3. Pregnant women, breast-feeding women, and women who wished to become pregnant during the period of the trial were also excluded.

Intervention

  1. Laninamivir octanoate was inhaled once on day 1, and oseltamivir (75 mg) was administered orally twice daily for 5 days.
  2. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether the efficacy of a single inhalation of laninamivir octanoate was noninferior to that of oseltamivir administered with multiple oral doses in treating adults with seasonal influenza.
  3. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to a 40-mg laninamivir octanoate, a 20-mg laninamivir octanoate, or an oseltamivir treatment group.

Outcomes

  1. The primary end point was the time to illness alleviation.
  2. The primary end point was the time to illness alleviation, defined as the time from the initiation of trial treatment to the beginning of the first 21.5-h period in which all influenza symptoms were " absent " or " mild. "

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. The computer-generated block random allocation sequence was provided by Acronet Corporation and was stratified according to the institution and type of influenza virus on the basis of the results of a rapid diagnostic kit capable of separately detecting influenza A and B.
  2. The patients, investigators, and trial personnel were blinded to the allocation sequence throughout the trial with use of a double-dummy method.
  3. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to a 40-mg laninamivir octanoate, a 20-mg laninamivir octanoate, or an oseltamivir treatment group.

Allocation concealment

low

  1. The patients, investigators, and trial personnel were blinded to the allocation sequence throughout the trial with use of a double-dummy method.
  2. The computer-generated block random allocation sequence was provided by Acronet Corporation and was stratified according to the institution and type of influenza virus on the basis of the results of a rapid diagnostic kit capable of separately detecting influenza A and B.
  3. Most patients were infected with influenza A (645 patients with H1N1 and 322 patients with H3N2), and only 3 patients were infected with influenza B. All the H1N1 strains carried the H274Y mutation except for viruses from 2 patients.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. The patients, investigators, and trial personnel were blinded to the allocation sequence throughout the trial with use of a double-dummy method.
  2. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted from November 2008 through March 2009 at 117 institutions in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong.
  3. Patients whose influenza symptoms had not been alleviated at the time of their withdrawal from the study or at the end of the observation period were censored.

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

  1. Most patients were infected with influenza A (645 patients with H1N1 and 322 patients with H3N2), and only 3 patients were infected with influenza B. All the H1N1 strains carried the H274Y mutation except for viruses from 2 patients.
  2. The patients, investigators, and trial personnel were blinded to the allocation sequence throughout the trial with use of a double-dummy method.
  3. For the baseline assessment, the subtype of influenza was determined based on an amplified DNA size by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with subtype-specific primers designed from the hemagglutinin sequences of the seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and B viruses.

Duval X, 2010

Population

  1. Methods Patients
  2. Exclusion criteria were vaccination against influenza during the 2008–2009 season, recent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma or severe chronic disease, previous history of depression, and prior inclusion in this trial.

Intervention

  1. Adults who visited their general practitioner with symptoms of an influenza-like illness for less than 36 hours and who had a positive influenza A rapid test were randomized to one of three arms: (1) oral oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily plus zanamivir 10 mg by inhalation twice daily, (2) oral oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily plus inhaled placebo, or (3) zanamivir 10 mg by inhalation twice daily plus oral placebo.
  2. The objective of this study was to compare the short-term virological efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination versus each monotherapy plus placebo.
  3. Oseltamivir dosage was 75 mg orally twice daily; zanamivir dosage was 10 mg by oral inhalation using the commercialized GlaxoSmithKline Diskhaler, twice daily.

Outcomes

  1. Other endpoints were (1) the decrease of log 10 viral load between days 0 and 2 in the patients with confirmed influenza A on day 0 and available samples both at days 0 and 2; (2) the time to resolution of illness; (3) the number of patients with alleviation of symptoms at the end of treatment (day 5); (4) the symptoms score at the end of treatment; (5) the incidence of secondary complications of influenza such as otitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, and the use of antibiotics; (6) the occurrence of adverse events in all participants having received at least one dose.
  2. Clinical Response Oral temperature was recorded and severity of seven symptoms (nasal stuffiness, sore throat, cough, muscle aches, tiredness or fatigue, headache, and feverishness) was rated by the patient twice daily (morning and evening) up to day 5 and then once daily on a four-point scale (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe) [2][3][4]14].
  3. , we enrolled throughout France adults 18 y old and older who consulted their general practitioner within 36 h of influenza symptoms onset (following the first influenza symptoms reported by the patient), with a temperature greater than or equal to 38uC (reported or observed by the practitioner), one or more respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat), one or more general symptoms (headache, dizziness, myalgia, sweats and or chills, fatigue), and a positive nasal rapid test for influenza A (

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. A computer random number generator was used to select random permuted blocks of size 3.
  2. Patients were allocated to treatment by a randomization list, with an arm ratio of 1:1:1, balanced by practitioner.
  3. Adults who visited their general practitioner with symptoms of an influenza-like illness for less than 36 hours and who had a positive influenza A rapid test were randomized to one of three arms: (1) oral oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily plus zanamivir 10 mg by inhalation twice daily, (2) oral oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily plus inhaled placebo, or (3) zanamivir 10 mg by inhalation twice daily plus oral placebo.

Allocation concealment

low

  1. This randomisation code was given to the central hospital pharmacy that prepared blinded treatment units in conformity with good manufacturing practices (GMP).
  2. Allocation was concealed through the similarity of all the containers and the impossibility for the GP to identify the treatment arm when opening the container.
  3. Patients, general practitioners assigning the patients, and outcome assessors (practitioners, virologists, patients), were blinded to treatment assignment throughout the study and statisticians until the end of the analysis.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. In the study, patients, general practitioners, and outcome assessors were all blinded to treatment assignments.
  2. Patients, general practitioners assigning the patients, and outcome assessors (practitioners, virologists, patients), were blinded to treatment assignment throughout the study and statisticians until the end of the analysis.
  3. This randomisation code was given to the central hospital pharmacy that prepared blinded treatment units in conformity with good manufacturing practices (GMP).

Blinding of outcome assessment

low

  1. In 2006, in the context of pandemic planning, we designed a double-placebo randomized controlled trial in patients presenting with seasonal influenza-like illness to compare the oseltamivirzanamivir combination to each of the monotherapies plus placebo.
  2. This randomisation code was given to the central hospital pharmacy that prepared blinded treatment units in conformity with good manufacturing practices (GMP).
  3. In 2008, they were considered an important strategy to limit the impact of an influenza pandemic both individually, by reducing morbidity and mortality, and collectively, by slowing spread of the virus to allow time for vaccine production, the cornerstone of influenza control [2][3][4]7].

Kohno S, 2011

Population

  1. Patients aged 20 years or older with influenza A or B virus infection who met the following inclusion criteria were enrolled: availability for treatment within 48 h of onset of influenza symptoms, fever with an axillary temperature of 38.0°C, at least two moderate to severe symptoms among seven symptoms (headache, muscle or joint pain, feverishness or chills, fatigue, cough, sore throat, and nasal stuffiness) due to influenza, and a rapid antigen test (RAT) result positive for influenza.
  2. Exclusion criteria were impaired respiratory function, a history of congestive cardiac failure, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressive therapy (immunosuppressants, antitumor agents, etc.) or an immunodeficiency disorder such as AIDS, renal disorder (estimated creatinine clearance, 50 ml/min), ischemic heart disease or serious arrhythmia, a corrected QT interval (QTc) of 480 ms or bradycardia (heart rate, 40 beats per minute [bpm]), clinically significant disorders that required hospitalization, and infection requiring systemic antimicrobial treatment.
  3. In a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy randomized controlled study, patients aged >20 years with influenza A or B virus infection were randomly assigned to receive either a single intravenous infusion of peramivir (300 or 600 mg) or oral administration of oseltamivir (75 mg twice a day [b.i.d.] for 5 days).

Intervention

  1. In a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy randomized controlled study, patients aged >20 years with influenza A or B virus infection were randomly assigned to receive either a single intravenous infusion of peramivir (300 or 600 mg) or oral administration of oseltamivir (75 mg twice a day [b.i.d.] for 5 days).
  2. Oseltamivir was administered orally at a dose of 75 mg twice daily for 5 days.
  3. Thus, a single intravenous dose of peramivir may be an alternative to a 5-day oral dose of oseltamivir for patients with seasonal influenza virus infection.

Outcomes

  1. In addition, the following secondary endpoints were assessed: (i) change from baseline in the composite symptom score, (ii) proportion of patients whose body temperature returned to normal (37.0°C), (iii) time to resumption of usual activities (defined as the first time point when the IIWS score was 10 [able to perform all usual activities fully]), (iv) incidence of influenza-related complications (sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia), and (v) time-weighted change from baseline in the virus titer.
  2. Patients assessed their own influenza symptoms and daily living activities using an Influenza Symptom Severity scale (ISS) (0, none [normal]; 1, mild [of little concern]; 2, moderate [very uncomfortable]; 3, severe [intolerable] ) for seven symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache , nasal stuffiness, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) and a visual analogue scale (Influenza Impact Well-Being Score [IIWS]) ranging from 0 (unable to perform one's usual activities at all) to 10 (able to perform all usual activities fully) (17).
  3. The onset of influenza symptoms was defined as the time of the first increase of 1°C from the patient's normal body temperature or the occurrence of at least one of the seven symptoms listed above.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

low

  1. The time-weighted changes in virus titer for the different groups were compared with the van Elteren test, which was stratified by randomization factors.
  2. Using a minimization method, patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive peramivir at a dose of 300 or 600 mg (Shionogi, Osaka, Japan) or oseltamivir with a balance of the composite symptom score (14 or 15), current smoking behavior (yes or no), country, and influenza virus type revealed by a RAT for the diagnosis of influenza.
  3. The other covariates were used as minimization factors to ensure balance in randomization.

Allocation concealment

high/unclear

  1. Our study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled study with dynamic allocation using the minimization method and was conducted in 146 medical institutions in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from November 2008 to April 2009.
  2. Blinding was maintained by the double-dummy technique using two placebos identical to peramivir and oseltamivir.
  3. The other covariates were used as minimization factors to ensure balance in randomization.

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. Our study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled study with dynamic allocation using the minimization method and was conducted in 146 medical institutions in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from November 2008 to April 2009.
  2. Blinding was maintained by the double-dummy technique using two placebos identical to peramivir and oseltamivir.
  3. In a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy randomized controlled study, patients aged >20 years with influenza A or B virus infection were randomly assigned to receive either a single intravenous infusion of peramivir (300 or 600 mg) or oral administration of oseltamivir (75 mg twice a day [b.i.d.] for 5 days).

Blinding of outcome assessment

high/unclear

  1. The factors of sex, coexisting disease at baseline, and receipt of drugs before randomization were added as covariates prior to unblinding, because the blind review revealed that these factors may have affected the duration of influenza.
  2. Our study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled study with dynamic allocation using the minimization method and was conducted in 146 medical institutions in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan from November 2008 to April 2009.
  3. This study did not have a placebo group, and we could not confirm the clinical and virological efficacy of peramivir against the resistant A/H1N1 influenza virus that was widespread in the 2008-2009 season.

30184455.pdf

Population

  1. The trial enrolled Japanese adults 20 to 64 years of age with acute influenza from December 2015 through March 2016.
  2. We now report the results of single-dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy persons with acute influenza from phase 2 and 3 randomized, controlled trials.
  3. The phase 3 trial (CAPSTONE-1) was a doubleblind , placebo-and oseltamivir-controlled, randomized trial that enrolled outpatients 12 to 64 years of age with influenza-like illness in the United States and Japan from December 2016 through March 2017.

Intervention

  1. Patients 20 to 64 years of age were randomly assigned, in a 2:2:1 ratio, to receive a single oral dose of baloxavir (40 mg for patients weighing <80 kg or 80 mg for those weighing ‚â•80 kg), oseltamivir at a dose of 75 mg twice daily for 5 days, or matching placebos.
  2. CONCLUSIONS Single -dose baloxavir was without evident safety concerns, was superior to placebo in alleviating influenza symptoms, and was superior to both oseltamivir and placebo in reducing the viral load 1 day after initiation of the trial regimen in patients with uncomplicated influenza.
  3. The phase 2 trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled , dose-ranging, randomized trial (randomization ratio, 1:1:1:1) of single doses of baloxavir (10, 20, or 40 mg) or placebo.

Outcomes

  1. Clinical and Laboratory Monitoring Patients assessed the severity of seven influenzaassociated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache , nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms) twice daily from enrollment (day 1) to day 9 and once daily on days 10 through 14.
  2. Measured In both trials, the primary efficacy end point was the time to alleviation of symptoms, defined as the time from the start of the trial regimen to the time when all seven influenza-related symptoms (described above) were rated by the patients as absent or mild for at least 21.5 hours.
  3. The safety end points included the frequencies and severity of adverse events.

 

Bias

Judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation

high/unclear

  1. Patients 20 to 64 years of age were randomly assigned, in a 2:2:1 ratio, to receive a single oral dose of baloxavir (40 mg for patients weighing <80 kg or 80 mg for those weighing ‚â•80 kg), oseltamivir at a dose of 75 mg twice daily for 5 days, or matching placebos.
  2. The phase 2 trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled , dose-ranging, randomized trial (randomization ratio, 1:1:1:1) of single doses of baloxavir (10, 20, or 40 mg) or placebo.
  3. Patients 12 to 19 years of age were randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive either baloxavir or placebo (on day 1 only).

Allocation concealment

high/unclear

  1. The phase 2 trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled , dose-ranging, randomized trial (randomization ratio, 1:1:1:1) of single doses of baloxavir (10, 20, or 40 mg) or placebo.
  2. The phase 3 trial (CAPSTONE-1) was a doubleblind , placebo-and oseltamivir-controlled, randomized trial that enrolled outpatients 12 to 64 years of age with influenza-like illness in the United States and Japan from December 2016 through March 2017.
  3. Data were compiled by the sponsor and analyzed by a statistician employed by the sponsor .

Blinding of participants and personnel

low

  1. The phase 2 trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled , dose-ranging, randomized trial (randomization ratio, 1:1:1:1) of single doses of baloxavir (10, 20, or 40 mg) or placebo.
  2. Two serious adverse events were noted in baloxavir recipients (incarcerated inguinal hernia and aseptic meningitis), but neither was considered to be related to the trial regimen by investigators who were unaware of the trialgroup assignments.
  3. Patients 12 to 19 years of age were randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive either baloxavir or placebo (on day 1 only).

Blinding of outcome assessment

high/unclear

  1. In patients with paired sequenced samples, PA I38T/M amino acid substitutions were detected after initiation of the trial regimen in 9.7% of 370 baloxavir recipients (all the recipients with these substitutions had influenza A(H3N2) infection), typically at day 5 or later, but in none of 95 randomly selected placebo recipients.
  2. Acetaminophen was allowed, but no other symptomatic therapies, antiviral agents for the treatment of influenza, or antibiotic agents were allowed , except for the treatment of suspected bacterial infections that developed after enrollment .
  3. ceuticals; Dr. de Jong, serving on an advisory board and receiving travel support and fees for serving on an independent data and safety monitoring board, paid to his institution, from Janssen, serving on an advisory board and receiving travel support, paid to his institution, from MedImmune, serving on an advisory board and receiving travel support from Shionogi, and serving on an independent data and safety monitoring board and receiving travel support, paid to his institution, from GlaxoSmith- Kline and Vertex Pharmaceuticals; Dr. Sekino, receiving grant support from Daiichi Sankyo; Dr. Portsmouth, Ms. Kawaguchi, Dr. Shishido, Mr. Arai, and Dr. Uehara, being employed by Shionogi; Mr. Tsuchiya, being employed by and holding stock in Shionogi; and Dr. Watanabe, receiving consulting fees and lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical, GlaxoSmithKline, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, grant support, consulting fees, and lecture fees from Daiichi Sankyo, grant support and lecture fees from Shionogi, grant support and consulting fees from Toyama Chemical, and grant support from Fujifilm Pharmaceuticals, Meiji Seika Pharma, and Kyorin Pharmaceutical.

References

  1. Rederick F et al. The New England Journal of Medicine EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THE NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR ZANAMIVIR IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLUENZAVIRUS INFECTIONS Background The sialic acid analogue zanamivir N. Engl. J. Med. 1997. 337(13); 874-80 PMID: 9302301
  2. Monto AS et al. Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivirin the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1999. 180(2); 254-61 PMID: 10395837
  3. Treanor JJ et al. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. US Oral Neuraminidase Study Group. JAMA 2000. 283(8); 1016-24 PMID: 10697061
  4. Mäkelä MJ et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of the orally inhaled neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled European study. J. Infect. 2000. 40(1); 42-8 PMID: 10762110
  5. Boivin G et al. Rapid antiviral effect of inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of naturally occurring influenza in otherwise healthy adults. J. Infect. Dis. 2000. 181(4); 1471-4 PMID: 10762579
  6. Unable to extract citation information for file 10866439.pdf PMID: not found
  7. Unable to extract citation information for file 12667386.pdf PMID: not found
  8. Puhakka T et al. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases Zanamivir: a Significant Reduction in Viral Load During Treatment in Military Conscripts with Influenza Zanamivir: a Significant Reduction in Viral Load During Treatment in Military Conscripts with Influenza Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2003. 1(1); 52-58 PMID: 12685885
  9. Kohno S et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous peramivir for treatment of seasonal influenza virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010. 54(11); 4568-74 PMID: 20713668
  10. Watanabe A et al. Long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate versus oseltamivir for treatment of influenza: A double-blind, randomized, noninferiority clinical trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010. 51(10); 1167-75 PMID: 20936975
  11. Duval X et al. Efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination compared to each monotherapy for seasonal influenza: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2010. 7(11); e1000362 PMID: 21072246
  12. Kohno S et al. Phase III randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose intravenous peramivir with oral oseltamivir in patients with seasonal influenza virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011. 55(11); 5267-76 PMID: 21825298
  13. Unable to extract citation information for file 30184455.pdf PMID: not found

 

 

個々の研究の結果をまとめてみた。

小さくて読めないので適宜拡大してご覧ください。

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331151940p:plain

ザナミビルが症状緩和までの時間で有効だったものが採用されていない印象。

(症状緩和までの時間の定義の違いかと考えて、全研究の定義を確認したが除外された理由はわからなかった)

 オセルタミビル耐性ウイルスに対するオセルタミビルとの非劣性試験だったのはペラミビルとラニナミビル。そもそも対プラセボで有効性が示されなかったザナミビルが印象的。

 

ネットワーク図も簡易表記だったので、アウトカムごとに書き直してみた。(n数がわからなかったので丸のサイズはすべて同一です。線の太さのみ研究数を反映しています。研究数はおおよそ1~3です)

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331162954p:plain

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163031p:plain

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163213p:plain

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163249p:plain

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163315p:plain

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163341p:plain

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163408p:plain

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163432p:plain

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163618p:plain

 

f:id:zuratomo4:20190331163705p:plain



<おまけ>

 

 読んだ瞬間「あれ?IGLOOがない?これじゃラニナミビルの効果を過剰に見積もってしまう」と思い詳しく読み始めたわけですが、なぜラニナミビルにこれほどまで忖度しているのかわからなかった。

 COIの項目を読んでみると、「 NH reports personal fees and other from Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,outside the submitted work」とあり、塩野義以外のCOIは書いていない。

 以前同医師によるイナビルの講演を聞いたような記憶があったので、COIを調べてみた。

 

マネーデータベース『製薬会社と医師』~あなたの医者をみつけよう

で、「廣津伸夫」と検索すると

f:id:zuratomo4:20190315225102p:plain

で名前をクリックすると

f:id:zuratomo4:20190315225301p:plain

 

ここから感想

「ちょっと、論文で示されていない第一三共とCOIあるやん!

やたらラニナミビル(イナビル)に忖度したみたいな研究選定されてるから邪推したくなるやん!」

 

アルコール依存症のお薬は何が良い?⇒データが足りなくて結論出せなかった(´;ω;`)

<はじめに>

 

 ほかの研究を紹介しようと執筆中ですが、図表の作成に手間取っており、たまたま本日ナルメフェンの院内勉強会があったので、以前読んだアルコール依存症薬物治療のネットワークメタ解析を書くことにしました。

 

<お題論文>

 

Pharmacologically controlled drinking in the treatment of alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorders: a systematic review with direct and network meta-analyses on nalmefene, naltrexone, acamprosate, baclofen and topiramate.

PMID: 28940866

 

・事前登録情報

http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42015019841

 

<読んでみた>

 

①リサーチクエスチョン

 

P:アルコール依存症またはアルコール使用障害の患者→18歳以上

I/C:ナルメフェン、naltrexone、アカンプロサート、baclofen、topiramate→単剤療法

O:(主)アルコール総消費量、(副)多量飲酒日数(HDD)、非飲酒日数、飲酒日数、飲酒日当たりの飲酒量、有害事象、重篤な有害事象、安全性上の理由による脱落、死亡率

 

シアナマイド、ジスルフィラムは組み入れられていない

※topiramateは国内で適応ないため英字表記としました

 

②システマティックレビューの評価

 

・データベース:MEDLINE、CENTRAL、EMBASE

・検索語:薬剤成分名、alchol

・期間:不明(見つかったのは1999~2015の研究)

・元論文:不明⇒RCTのみ(32RCT)、incomplete outcome data(脱落の扱い)でhigh riskが目立つ

・評価者:無⇒2者独立、意見対立時第三者介入

・出版:不明⇒英語、仏語、スペイン語 reference→検索した、funnnel plot→したがアウトカムによって研究数が不足しており評価が難しい

・異質性:無⇒事前登録あり、P、Oとも統合は可能そう

 

③ネットワークメタ解析の評価

 

・ネットワーク図:すべてのアウトカムについて示されている

・閉じた環:全くない(star-shape)

・資金源、COI:ともに開示されている

 

④結果(有意差があったもののみ)

 

プラセボ SMDかOR(95%CI)、赤字は異質性高い

 

TAU(SMD):ナルメフェン -0.19(-0.29~-0.10)、baclofen -1.00(-1.80~-0.19)、topiramate -0.77(-1.12~-0.42)

・HDD:ナルメフェン -0.22(-0.32~-0.12)、topiramate -0.59(-0.96~-0.22)

・非飲酒日数:topiramate 0.45(0.15~0.75)

・AE:ナルメフェン  2.00(1.52~2.65)、naltrexone 2.21(1.36~2.59)

 

間接比較

 

TAU(SMD):baclofen-naltrexone 0.90(0.01~1.79)、baclofen-アカンプロサート 0.96(0.02~1.89)、topiramate-ナルメフェン 0.60(0.15~1.06)、topiramate-naltrexone 0.69(0.22~1.16)、topiramate-アカンプロサート 0.75(0.20~1.3)

※低減量になっており正数ほど左側薬物がTAUを減らしたという意味。対プラセボと書き方が異なるのでご注意ください。

 

<まとめ>

 

topiramateが最も効果が高く見えるが、研究の質・量ともに不足しており今後の研究で効果推定値は容易に変わりうる

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<おまけ>

 

保 医 発 02 25 第 9 号平成 31 年2月 25 日

https://www.ajha.or.jp/topics/admininfo/pdf/2019/190228_4.pdfにて、

「(1) セリンクロ錠 10mg
① 本製剤の効能・効果に関連する使用上の注意において「アルコール依存症治療
の主体は心理社会的治療であることから、服薬遵守及び飲酒量の低減を目的とし
た心理社会的治療と併用すること。」とされているので、本製剤の薬剤料について
は、以下のすべての要件を満たした場合に限り算定できること。
アルコール依存症の患者に対して、アルコール依存症に係る適切な研修を修
了した医師が、アルコール依存症に係る適切な研修を修了した看護師、精神保
健福祉士、公認心理師等と協力し、家族等と協議の上、詳細な診療計画を作成
し、患者に対して説明を行うこと
イ 必要に応じて患者の受入が可能な精神科以外の診療科を有する医療体制との
連携体制があること
ウ 心理社会的治療については、アルコール依存症に係る適切な研修を修了した
医師によって行い、その要点及び診療時間を診療録に記載すること
なお、少なくとも本剤の初回投与時においては、30 分を超えて当該治療を行
うこと(本剤の初回投与までの診療時において 30 分を超えて当該治療を行った
場合を除く)
エ ア及びウに定めるアルコール依存症に係る適切な研修は、「診療報酬の算定方
法」(平成 20 年厚生労働省告示第 59 号)別表第一医科診療報酬点数表(以下
「医科点数表」という。)区分番号「A231-3」重度アルコール依存症入院医療管
理加算の算定にあたり医師等に求められる研修に準じたものであること
② 本製剤の効能・効果に関連する使用上の注意において「アルコール依存症の診
断は、国際疾病分類等の適切な診断基準に基づき慎重に実施し、基準を満たす場
合にのみ投与すること。」、「アルコール依存症に伴う精神・身体症状及び患者の意
思を総合的に勘案し、断酒ではなく飲酒量低減を治療目標とすることが適切と判
断された患者に対して本剤を投与すること。」及び「飲酒量低減治療の意思のある
患者にのみ使用すること。」とされているので、投与に当たっては十分留意するこ
と。
③ 本製剤の用法・用量に関連する使用上の注意において「本剤の投与継続及び治
療目標の見直しの要否について定期的に検討し、漫然と投与しないこと。」とされ
ているので、3ヵ月ごとを目安に治療の評価を行うこと。」

という条件が課されており、専門医のいる施設でしか現状使えない。

 

セリンクロの審査報告書では

http://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2019/P20190109002/180078000_23100AMX00009_A100_1.pdf

7.R.6 本剤の適正使用について「② 心理社会的治療を含むアルコール依存症治療が実施可能な体制があること。」に対し申請者より②について、臨床試験では、外部機関によるトレーニングを実施し、認定テストを完了した評価者のみ BRENDA 法の実施が認められていたが、類似の要素を持つニコチン依存症患者の禁煙指導時に特別なトレーニングを行うことなくプライマリケア医等による治療が行われていることを踏まえると、非専門医であっても問題なく心理社会的治療の実施は可能と考えることを説明した。なお申請者は、医療従事者向け情報提供資材に BRENDA 法を踏襲した手順を記載することで、実臨床においても臨床試験と同レベルの心理社会的治療を行うことが可能と考えることを説明した。」となっており、申請段階でハードルを設定しないよう求めていた様子がうかがえる。

 

 

JJCLIP_#65 膝の痛みで困っている人にはサプリメントも有用なのでしょうか?を予習してみた

<はじめに>

 

 CASPで岡山にいるためリアルタイム視聴ができるか怪しいので記事にしてみた

 

<シナリオとお題論文>

 

・シナリオ諸々

pharmasahiro.com

 

・お題論文

Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus... - PubMed - NCBI

PMID: 25589511

 

・事前登録情報

Study on Efficacy and Safety of Chondroitin Sulfate + Glucosamine Hydrochloride Versus Celecoxib in Knee Osteoarthritis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

 

<シナリオのPECO立て>

 

 P:60歳前後(?)の変形性膝関節症(?)の女性常連客

今回はECOをいろいろ変えてみる

①E:コンドロイチン+グルコサミン

 C:なし

 O:痛み

②E:コンドロイチン+グルコサミン

 C:NSAIDs

 O:痛み、有害事象

③E:買い物量の制限

 C:今のまま

 O:痛み、生活満足度(QOL

 

<JJCLIPワークシートに沿って読んでみる>

 

ランダム化:タイトルに「randomised」

 

P:40歳以上の変形性膝関節症の患者、 Kellgren and Lawrence 分類2~3(軽度~中等度)、WOMAC301点以上(中等度~重度の痛み)

E:Droglican® | Bioibérica(コンドロイチン400㎎+グルコサミン500㎎) 1回2カプセル

1日3回毎食後

C:CELEBREX(セレコキシブ)200mg 1回1カプセル朝食後+プラセボ1日5カプセル(朝1、昼2、夕2)

O:(主)WOMAC痛みサブスケール(非劣性マージン:40)

 (副)WOMAC剛性サブスケール、WOMAC機能サブスケール、VAS、OMERACT-OARSI(レスポンダーの割合)、関節腫脹の有無の割合、関節滲出液の存在率、レスキュー薬の消費量(アセトアミノフェン錠500 mgの錠数、MAX6錠/日)、疾患活動性に関する患者の総合評価(PGA)および治験責任医師の総合評価(IGA)、患者および治験責任医師による治療に対する反応の総合評価、EQ-5D、有害事象、バイオマーカー

T:6ヶ月

 

※ Kellgren and Lawrence grades(X線画像での分類)

Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. - PubMed - NCBI

 

アウトカムは明確?:1つなので明確

 

真のアウトカム?:とりあえず真でよさそう

(真ということにしないとここで終わってしまう)

(真か代用かを考えるときこのアウトカム以外すべて一緒だった時、介入する意味がありそうか?で判断するとわかりやすいかも)

 

ブラインドは?:タイトルに「double-blind」

(本文38ページもしくは登録情報では参加者、ケア提供者、研究者、アウトカム評価機関)

 

ITT?:per protocol、FASFASの解析結果はsupplementary

 

追跡率:86.1%(522/606)

 

Fig1:プロトコル違反に上下で「コンプライアンス不良」がカウントされているのはなんでだろう?

 

患者背景:Table1、大きな偏りはなさそう

 

結果:(主)E群-185.7、C群-186.8 差-1.1(95%CI:-22.0~19.8)で非劣性

有害事象はE:51.0%、C:50.5%と差なし

(心血管イベントまたは胃腸イベントの既往歴は予め除外されている)

 

<まとめ>

 

先行研究(GAIT、プラセボ対照)では有意差なし。

 どうでもいいけど、プラセボに有意差をつけられなかった介入と非劣性だったセレコキシブの存在価値ってあるの?って方に興味が湧いたという(;^ω^) 

 有害事象(詳細な内容不明)も効果も大差のない結果に、積極的にコンドロイチン+グルコサミンをすすめるのはちょっと。

 シナリオでは効果を実感されており、コストに対する言及もないので続けても問題はなさそうだが。

 本人の満足度的にもお店の売上的にも「整形でよく使われる薬と効果では劣らないって研究ありました~」ってことで販売続行!

(医療用と市販の質の差は気にする方がよいかもしれないが)

zuratomo4.hatenablog.com

 

<視聴後追記>

 

Fig2のHがアセトアミノフェンの1月の使用量です。

開始時点から4か月間はコンドロイチン+グルコサミン群で使用量が有意に多い結果になってます。

4ヶ月以降は有意差なくなるんですね(コンドロイチン+グルコサミン群でレスキューが多いのは一貫しているが)